Foundations of social solidarity for modern Russia

The authors of the article study the problem of finding common grounds and formats for restoring social solidarity in post-Soviet Russia. The authors appeal to the heritage of Russian social science thought of the 19th century (P. L. Lavrov, M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky, M. M. Kovalevsky), which considered cooperation as the basis of social solidarity. The basis for a modern model of cooperation can be microsocial practices, including family, ethno-confessional and informal solidarity. The analysis of the state of these forms of solidarity shows that each of them has its own advantages. Nevertheless, each of them has weaknesses that do not allow us to construct a unified model of solidarity based on the format. For example, family solidarity is associated with the development of clannishness. Regional solidarity is ineffective due to the weak realization of the principle of equality of all citizens and regions before the law. The ethno-confessional format has led to the degeneration of patriotism into nationalism and the development of xenophobia. Civic solidarity lacks social agreement on the key points of citizenship. Informal solidarity has a situational character and does not lead to macro-group integration due to underdeveloped interpersonal trust and the degradation of social infrastructure in the form of public organizations. Integration of different forms of solidarity through the development of mechanisms of civic participation, as well as the practice of educating solidarity, can become the basis for social cohesion and consent, and a refusal to force solidarity. An integrative model of solidarity, combining features of different forms, is more consistent with the specifics of modern Russian youth and the interests of society as a whole.